檢視中古佛教寫本資料庫工作手冊的原始碼

'''中古佛教寫本資料庫工作手冊'''<br/>
'''Critical Editions of Chinese Buddhist Dunhuang Manuscripts（Markup manual）'''<br/>
Date: 2015-2-13 Author:Lin Ching-hui 林靜慧, Zhang Boyong 張伯雍, Marcus Bingenheimer 馬德偉

本計畫為中華佛研所、馬德偉博士（Dr. Marcus Bingenheimer, Temple University）、太史文博士 (顧問)（Dr. Stephen F. Teiser, Princeton University）與大英圖書館國際敦煌專案（International Dunhuang Project, IDP）的合作專案。專案說明詳見[[媒體:敦煌遺書.pdf|計畫書]]。本計畫[http://dev.ddbc.edu.tw/Dunhuang_Manuscripts/ 網站]<br/>

=寫卷數位化=
數位化的寫卷標題範例：lengqieszj-S-4272.xml。S-4272 為敦煌文獻號碼。<br/>
所使用的標記規範為 [http://www.tei-c.org/release/doc/tei-p5-doc/zh-TW/html/index.html TEI P5]<br/>

==寫卷結構與標記==
*以敦煌寫卷「件」為單位，即每一個檔案即為一件敦煌寫卷（如 S.4272）<br/>
{| border="1"
|-
|行號標記例
|<lb xml:id="S-4272-0001"/>
|-
|rowspan="5"|空格標記例 Space
|<space type="honorific" unit="char" extent="1"/>
|[[圖片:honorific.jpg]]
P-3664-0662
|-
|<space type="punctuation" unit="char" extent="1"/>
|[[圖片:空格.jpg]]
S-4272-0008
|-
|<space type="bindingHole" unit="char" extent="1"/>
|[[圖片:bindingHole.jpg]]
P-4646-01-03
|-
|<space type="simpleSpace" unit="char" extent="1"/>
|[[圖片:simpleSpace.jpg]]
S-2054-0192
|-
|<space type="verseSpacing" unit="char" extent="1"/>
|[[圖片:verseSpacing.jpg]]
P-2634-0002
|-
|rowspan="2"|異寫字標記例 Choice
|<nowiki><orig reg="偽"><g ref="#S4272-005-11"/></orig></nowiki>（專案新增）
|[[圖片:異寫1.jpg]]
S-4272-0005
|-
|<nowiki><orig reg="障"><g ref="#A04441-003"/></orig></nowiki>（教育部異體字字典）
|[[圖片:異寫2.jpg]]
S-4272-0013
|-
|rowspan="4"|取代標記例 Substitute
|<nowiki><subst><del>无</del><add>有</add></subst></nowiki>
|[[圖片:取代1.jpg]]
S-4272-0005
|-
|<nowiki><subst><del unit="char" extent="1"/><add>心</add></subst></nowiki>
|[[圖片:取代2.jpg]]
S-4272-0021
|-
|<nowiki><subst><del><orig reg="薩"><g ref="#A03580-001"/></orig></del><add place="inline-right">提</add></subst></nowiki>
|[[圖片:取代3.jpg]]
P-3436-0037
|-
|<nowiki><subst><del hand="2">然見性</del><add place="inline-right" hand="2">明</add></subst></nowiki>
|[[圖片:取代4.jpg]]
P-3777-0540
|-
|插入標記例 Addition
|<add place="inline-right">性</add>
|[[圖片:插入.jpg]]
S-4272-0009
|-
|rowspan="3"|倒乙標記例 Reverse
|<nowiki><orig reg="不出">出<add place="inline-right">㆑</add>不</orig></nowiki>
|[[圖片:倒乙符.jpg]]（不出）
P-3436-0037
|-
|<nowiki><lb xml:id="P-3436-0206"/><orig type="CJK" reg="坐"><add place="inline-right">㆑</add>浄</orig></nowiki>
|[[圖片:行首倒乙.jpg]] [[圖片:行首倒乙1.jpg]]
P-3436-0206
|-
|<nowiki><orig reg="苐二魏朝"><g ref="#A04688-002"/>朝<add place="inline-right"><note resp="hand2">向上</note></add>苐二</orig></nowiki>
|[[圖片:倒乙說明.jpg]]（苐二魏朝）
P-3436-0110
|-
|補充修改標記例 Addition
|<add place="margin-bottom">軰</add>
|[[圖片:修改補充.jpg]]
P-3436-0056
|-
|rowspan="2"|破損標記例 Damage
|<damage>使鬼神</damage>
|[[圖片:破損1.jpg]]
P-3436-0057
|-
|<damage unit="char" extent="1"/>
<nowiki><choice><unclear><damage unit="char" extent="1"/></unclear><reg>諸</reg></choice></nowiki>
|[[圖片:破損2.jpg]]
P-3436-0011
|-
|字跡不清標記例 Unclear
|<unclear>斷</unclear>
|[[圖片:字跡不清.jpg]]
P-3436-0070
|-
|難辨字標記例 Gap
|<gap unit="char" extent="1"/>
|[[圖片:難辨.jpg]]
P-3703-0011
|-
|rowspan="2"|省書例 Abbreviations
|<choice><abbr>卄卄</abbr><expan>菩薩</expan></choice>
|[[圖片:省書.jpg]]
P-2634-0010
|-
|<choice><abbr>阿〻難〻</abbr><expan>阿難阿難</expan></choice>
|[[圖片:重文例2.png]]
P-3664-0511
|-
|重文例 Repeat sign
|<choice><abbr>種〻</abbr><expan>種種</expan></choice>
|[[圖片:重文例3.png]]
P-3664-0500
|-
|雙行夾注例 Inline-para
|<nowiki><note resp="hand1" rendition="#inline-para">在舒州一名思空山</note></nowiki>
|[[圖片:雙行夾注.jpg]]
P-3559-0567
|-
|副標例 Subtitle
|<nowiki><hi rendition="#subtitle">并序</hi></nowiki>
|[[圖片:副標.jpg]]
P-2634-0001
|-
|rowspan="2"|廢字例 Deletion
（感謝 汪娟教授來函建議）
|<nowiki>者<del>者</del>非</nowiki>
|[[圖片:廢字.jpg]]
P-2460-0068v
|-
|<nowiki><del>清浄</del>解</nowiki>
|[[圖片:廢字2.jpg]]
P-4646-08-04r
|-
|專案訂正例 Corrections by project
|<nowiki><choice><sic>光濡</sic><corr>先儒</corr></choice><note>見《左傳‧春秋序》。</note></nowiki>不取
|[[圖片:專案訂正例.jpg]]
P-2634-0038r
|-
|偈文例 Verse line
|<nowiki><lg><l><choice><orig><g ref="#A02941-036"/></orig><reg>稽</reg></choice>首<choice><orig><g ref="#A03222-001"/></orig><reg>善</reg></choice>知識<space type="verseSpacing" unit="char" extent="1"/><damage><choice><orig type="Ext-A">䏻</orig><reg>能</reg></choice>令<choice><orig><g ref="#P2634-002-08"/></orig><reg>護</reg></choice></damage>本心</l></lg></nowiki>
|[[圖片:偈文.jpg]]
P-2634-0002r
|}

==進階說明──文字迻錄原則==
*原則一、不論原文使用何種字體（楷書、行書、草書等），皆迻錄為楷書（楷化）。<br/>
*原則二、[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/Unicode Unicode] 有提供字型者，按原字形迻錄。如：㘴，不改成為[http://www.edu.tw/FILES/SITE_CONTENT/M0001/BIAU/t00-8.htm?open 教育部標準字體（正字）]「坐」。<br/>
{| border="1"
|-
|'''Non-Unicode Variants - attested 萬國碼未收之異體字──已確認'''<br/>
#萬國碼未收之字形。The variant character is not in Unicode.<br/>
#[http://dict2.variants.moe.edu.tw/variants/ 教育部異體字字典]有收錄者。It is attested in the "Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants" 教育部異體字字典 (Ministry of Education, RoC, 2012). Current Query Interface: http://dict2.variants.moe.edu.tw/variants/.<br/>
#教育部異體字字典對該字的編號會記錄在<g>@ref標記中。 <g>@ref points to a header item which references the character number of the variant in the MoE Dictionary.<br/>
#能夠以所對應的正字表達出來。 It can be represented by a semantically equivalent common character (通用字).<br/>

|Ex.1: S-4272-0002:<br/>

為除忘相<nowiki><choice><orig><g ref="#A03335-004"/></orig><reg>修</reg></choice></nowiki>行六度

|[[圖片:origRegChoice.png|40px]]
|-
|'''Non-Unicode Variants - unattested 萬國碼未收之異體字──未確認（專案新增）'''<br/>
#萬國碼與教育部異體字字典均未收錄。The character is neither in Unicode nor in the MoE Dictionary.<br/>
#但字形結構上能夠分辨者。 Use this only for characters where the stroke count is clearly legible.<br/>
|Ex.1: S-4272-0022:<br/>

度眾生過去<nowiki><choice><orig><g ref="#S4272-022-14"/></orig><reg>逢</reg></choice></nowiki>无量恒
|[[圖片:reg1.png|40px]]
|-
|'''"Unclear" Characters 模糊字'''
#<unclear> 是一個較鬆散的解釋，此類字多受到摹寫字跡以及古代字形的影響。<unclear> is much open to interpretation. It is influenced strongly by the quality of the facsimile and the level of paleographic skills.
#標記此類文字時通常需借助其他版本的文獻，而不能由文本直接辨認出來。We use it in this project when the character and its stroke structure are not recognizable on their own, but only by comparing with other versions.<br/>
#所有的<unclear>都能理解為某個正字，但與<nowiki><reg></nowiki>不同的是<unclear>文字結構模糊，而<nowiki><reg></nowiki>的文字結構清晰。All <unclear> are understood as 通用字, this form of regularization differes from <nowiki><reg></nowiki>, however, because with <unclear> the intended variant is unknown. With <nowiki><reg></nowiki> the shape/stroke structure of the variant character is seen.<br/>
|Ex.1: P-3703-0002:

無有邊<nowiki><unclear>畔坐</unclear></nowiki>
|[[圖片:unclear1.png|80px]]
|-
|'''Significant spaces 文中的空格'''
#另起一段或徵引文獻時。Intentional, significant space before new sections (Ex. 1) or quotations (Ex.1).<br/>
#文獻末尾空格不標記。No <space> needed at end of a Ms folio.<br/>
|Ex.1: S-4272-0008 - S-4272-0010:

為中道<space unit="char" extent="2"/>苐三齊朝
人年十四遇達摩禪師
真登佛果<space unit="char" extent="1"/>楞伽経云
|[[圖片:space1.png|120px]]
|-
|'''Character(s) added in the Ms. 插入字'''
#文中有人插入文字。Character(s) added by a scribe in the Ms.<br/>
#大致描述插入字位置。@place gives rough description where to find it.<br/>
|Ex.1: S-4272-0009:

禪師俗<add place="inline-right">性</add>姖武窂人
|[[圖片:add1.png|40px]]
|-
|'''Character(s) Overwrite other Character(s): 覆蓋字'''
被覆蓋的字若不清楚則使用<del unit="char" extent="..."/>，清楚則轉錄出來，不確定則使用<unclear>。If the overwritten character is illegible use <del unit="char" extent="..."/>, if legible give character, if unsure use <unclear>.
|Ex.1: S-4272-0021:

為是知眾生識<nowiki><subst><del unit="char" extent="1"/><add>心</add></subst></nowiki>自度
|[[圖片:subst1.png|40px]]
|-
|'''Damaged but recognizable characters 破損字'''
<damage>與<unclear>近似，標記中直接使用正字。（範例中的字也可以識別為「忕」或「𢗗」，此處依另一版本。）<damage> is similar to <unclear> in that the text provided should be considered 通用字 as the variant can not be distinguished clearly.
|Ex.1: P-3703-0001 :

時<damage>狀</damage>𠰥
|[[圖片:damage1.png|60px]]
|-
|'''Unrecognizable characters due to accidental damage (tearing, breaking, smearing, blotting, smudging etc.) with later annotation 因意外而造成無法判讀（如撕裂、破損、磨滅、髒汙等），後來新增者'''
#背面墨水透出使「法」字部分不清，另一個字則完全不清。Seeping ink renders the character 法 partially illegible and another character completely illegible.
#可以推論第二個字可能被 (hand="1") 塗改為「有」，但又暈墨。Probably the latter character was originally deleted, and the first scribe (hand="1") had added a 有 next to the line, which, however, too became blotted as the ink seeped through, but is still inferable.
#不清的「法」字旁潦草寫了一個「法」。(hand="2") 又另在前次暈墨的「有」下方再寫一個「有」，這必然是在背面抄寫後才發生的，這份手卷發現數次這樣因背面的墨透背後，才進行的補救。 Later someone adds a quickly written 法 next to the partially damaged 法, and a 有 below the damaged first addition inline-right. This probably was someone else (@hand="2") because it must have occurred after the verso text had been written and there are several other cases of clarifying damaged characters elsewhere in the Ms.
#假定這髒污是由背面的墨透過來的，那事情發生的順序應是：先抄寫了正面，而背面又抄寫了其他文稿，結果導致墨暈至背面。後來在讀正面時（的人），又將模糊的字重書在右方。Assuming the blotting is due to ink seeping through the paper the series of events was: someone wrote the text, then something else was written on verso, and the ink seeping through blotted the recto text. A later reader clarifies unclear characters recto with a dry brush.
|Ex.1: P-3703-0007:

In the header: <profileDesc> <creation> <listChange> <change xml:id="stage1">The manuscript is written, corrections were made by the scribe.寫卷抄錄時的修正</change><change xml:id="stage2">The verso is written. Ink seeps through blotting some characters.背面抄寫時的墨透背後所汙染者</change><change xml:id="stage3">A later hand clarifies characters that were blotted out.在汙處外再次訂正</change> </listChange> </creation> </profileDesc>

非<unclear>離</unclear>生<damage change="#stage2">法</damage><add change="#stage3" hand="2" place="inline-right">法</add><damage change="#stage2"><nowiki><del change="#stage1" hand="1" unit="char" extent="1"/></nowiki><add change="#stage1" place="inline-right" hand="1">有</add></damage><add change="#stage3" hand="2" place="inline-right">有</add>无生龍<br/>
Ex.2: P-3703-0010:

一切圡木<damage change="#stage2">瓦</damage><add place="inline-right" change="#stage3">瓦</add>石 

#The original character (probably 瓦) becomes illegible by ink seeping thorugh. 原來的字（應是「瓦」）被透背的墨所暈。
#A later hand clarifies the illegible section and writes 瓦 next to it. 後來的讀者重書「瓦」在右方。
|[[圖片:damageAdd1.png|50px]]
[[圖片:damageAdd2.png|50px]]
|-
|'''Reverse Mark 倒乙符號 (レ-点)'''
#以萬國碼「雁點」（レ点 U+3191）為倒乙符號。Use Unicode Character 'IDEOGRAPHIC ANNOTATION REVERSE MARK' (U+3191) within <add place="inline-right"> </add>
參見：[[媒體:敦煌古代的標點符號.pdf]] [https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A8%93%E8%AA%AD 維基百科：訓読]
|Ex.1: P-3436-0037:

亦出<add place="inline-right">㆑</add>不扵有
|[[圖片:retten1.png|40px]]
|-
|'''Repetition / Iteration Mark  叠字符號'''
# 以萬國碼「疊字元號」（踊り字 U+303B）為叠字符號（重文）。Use Unicode Character 'VERTICAL IDEOGRAPHIC ITERATION MARK'  〻 (U+303B) . 
參見：[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iteration_mark Iteration marks] 
|
|[[圖片:重文例3.png]]P-3664-0500
|-
|rowspan="3"|'''Abbreviations 省書符號'''
# 以萬國碼「疊字元號」（踊り字 U+303B）為省書符號。Use <choice><abbr>阿〻難〻</abbr><expan>阿難阿難</expan></choice>
# 所有的 <expan> 標記中已視為「正規化」，故不再有如 <unclear> 等標記。All <expan>sions are understood to be regularized and cannot contain further <unclear> etc.
# 省書符號前有行號時的標法：只標省書符號。
|Ex 1:P-3664-0511
<nowiki><choice><abbr>阿〻<reg>難</reg>〻</abbr><expan>阿難阿難</expan></choice></nowiki>
|[[圖片:重文例2.png]]
|-
|Ex 2:P-2634-0010
<choice><abbr>卄卄</abbr><expan>菩薩</expan></choice>
|[[圖片:省書.jpg]]
|-
|Ex 3:S-2054-0325
<nowiki><lb xml:id="S-2054-0325"/><choice><abbr>〻</abbr><expan>色</expan></choice></nowiki>
|[[圖片:重文例3.jpg]]
|}

=字型工具=
*最好安裝 Unicode Super-CJK Fonts v6.0